About this Digital I.S. Submission
Laura (right) is very happy on I.S. Monday
My name is Laura Valencia and I am majoring in Global Development Studies (self-designed). This Digital I.S. submission is a praxis project that I created after finishing my I.S. and will be used as a tool for the Off-Campus Studies office starting this fall.
My Independent Study is titled "Study Abroad, Intercultural Friendship, and Transformation of Self and Society." Though friendship patterns and student transformation were the two main concepts in my I.S., I use different terminology in this website. This digital project is meant to be as accessible as possible for students and uses simple language to discuss acculturation and transformation. The content on this website came from my I.S. and two intercultural trainings I staffed this year.
My Independent Study is titled "Study Abroad, Intercultural Friendship, and Transformation of Self and Society." Though friendship patterns and student transformation were the two main concepts in my I.S., I use different terminology in this website. This digital project is meant to be as accessible as possible for students and uses simple language to discuss acculturation and transformation. The content on this website came from my I.S. and two intercultural trainings I staffed this year.
Why?The College of Wooster has an experimental curriculum for pre-departure students and recent returnees. However, when students are abroad, there is no comprehensive curriculum. This project strives to meet this gap in a way that is engaging, accessible, and enjoyable to students. The idea came out of a conversation with Jessica DuPlaga, Director of Off-Campus Studies:
"As Director of Off-Campus Studies, I felt that Laura Valencia's Senior Independent Study project pulled together many important elements of off-campus study at Wooster. She used research and personal interest developed through her off-campus experiences to inform her research and project, and created a final product that provided practical value for Wooster students. Her project brought together theory and practice into not only a useful document for furthering the goals that the OCS office hopes to fulfill. This digital project will be provided to all Wooster students during their semester off-campus and will be fully integrated into the pilot Global Engagement Seminar course. Laura's work is a valuable and essential addition to OCS at Wooster." This learning module has also been supported by the Center for Diversity and Global Engagement. Co-Director Amyaz Moledina writes: "There are a great range of resources on this website from simple quizzes that allow one to become more self-aware, to non-technical and brief descriptions of important concepts in intercultural contact. These resources provide plenty of fodder for the "sojourner" as they reflect on their off-campus experience. As a teacher and advisor of students that I support in global engagement, Valencia has alerted me to important resources that I can use with my students." |
How?Project Values
1. Simplicity over complexity 2. Wide access, high user responsibility 3. User-driven content The first value is manifested in the simple language I use to explain complex concepts. Using many visual examples and quotes, I am able to create a learning module where students spend more time on my content and less time on complex site navigation and new vocabulary. The second value plays into my active effort to provide as many links to articles, videos, and further information as possible, while leaving it up to the student to follow the path they wish to. The reflection section gives students a large amount of independence in terms of what they reflect on, they just have to take the initiative to do it. Finally, the last value is probably the aspect that most shapes this module. When college students surf the web, it is usually motivated by a desire to be entertained. I attempt to meet this need by including as many pop culture references and as many visually stimulating graphics and cartoons as possible. While some may criticize this "light" approach to education, I think that it is an important and effective way of causing students to re-think their understanding of global engagement, even if it just starts with their internet browser. |
Next StepsThis summer, I will be traveling to Bangalore, India with the College of Wooster's Global Social Entrepreneurship Program. As a co-founder, alum, and supporter, I am excited to be apart of the 12 students' learning journey over their 6-week time abroad. This website will be a tool that I use to engage with them, share readings, and lead reflection over the 6 weeks. During and following this time, I will be updating and re-working different sections to make them more effective. I will be adding as much student content as possible.
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I.S. Abstract
Notes
Map on header from this site.
Works Referenced
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. New York, NY:, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books.
Anonymous. (2011, 06 17). Confronting the demons of ethnocentrism. Retrieved March 1, 2012, from Tales from the Hood: http://talesfromethehood.com/2011/06/17/confronting-the-demons-of-ethnocentrism/
Bennett, J. (2008). On becoming a global soul: A path to engagement during study abroad. In V. Savicki (Ed.), Developing intercultural competence and transformation (pp. 13-31). Sterling, VA, VA: Stylus.
Berry, J. W. (Ed.). (1997). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Bochner, S. (2006). Sojourners. In D. Sam, & J. Berry (Eds.), The cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (pp. 181-197). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Bochner, S., McLeod, B., & Lin, A. (1977). Friendship patterns of overseas students: A functional model. International Journal of Psychology (12), 277-294.
Bocock, R. (1993). Consumption. New York, NY: Routledge.
Bolen, M. C. (2001). Consumerism and US study abroad. Journal of Studies in International Education , 3 (3), 182-200.
Buber, M. (1954). I and Thou (1970 ed.). (W. Kaufmann, Trans.) New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Campbell, C. (1987). The romantic ethic and the spirit of modern consumerism. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Chang, H. (1999). Re-examining the rhetoric of the "cultural border". Retrieved December 2011, from Electronic Magazine of Multicultural Education: http://www.eastern.edu/publications/emme/1999winter/chang.html
Chow, P., & Bhandari, R. (2010). Open Doors 2010 report on international educational exchange. New York, NY: International Educational Exchange.
Chow, P., & Bhandari, R. (2011). Open Doors 2011 report on international educational exchange. New York, NY: Institute of International Education.
Christ, O., Pettigrew, T. F., Tropp, L., & Wagner, U. (2011). Recent advances in intergroup contact theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 35 (3), 271-280.
Citron, J. (2002). US students abroad: Host culture integration or third cultural formation. In W. Gruensweig, & N. Rinehart (Eds.), Rockin' in Red Square: Critical approaches to international education in the age of cyberculture (pp. 25-39). Munster, Germany: LIT Verlag.
Cone, J. (1969). Black theology and black power. New York, NY: Seabury Press.
Cortright, D. (2010). Gandhi and beyond: Nonviolence for a new political age. Boulder, CO, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
Deardorff, D. (2008). Intercultural competence: A definition, model, and implications for education abroad. In V. Savicki (Ed.), Developing intercultural competence and transformation (pp. 32-52). Sterling, VA: Stylus.
Dolby, N. (2004). Encountering an american self: Study abroad and national identity. Comparative Education Review , 48 (2), 150-173.
Engle, J., & Engle, L. (2002). Neither international nor educative: Study abroad in the time of globalization. In W. Grunsweig, & N. Rinehart (Eds.), Rockin' in Red Squre: Critical approaches to international education in the age of cyberculture (pp. 25-39). Munster, Germany: LIT Verlag.
Fischer, L. (1962). Life of Gandhi. In L. Fisher (Ed.), The essential Gandhi (pp. 133-137). New York, NY: Vintage Books.
Foley, D. (1995). The Heartland chronicles. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania.
Frank, T. (1997). The conquest of cool. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Furnham, A., & Alibhai, N. (1985). The friendship networks of foreign students: A replication and extension of the functional model. International Journal of Psychology , 20 (6), 709-723.
Galeano, E. (1989). The book of embraces. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company.
Gandhi, M. (1938). Hind swaraj or Indian home rule (2008 ed.). Ahmedabad, India, Gujurat, India: Navajivan Publishing House.
Gandhi, M. (1962). The story of my experiments with truth. In L. Fischer (Ed.), The essential Gandhi. New York, NY: Random House.
Grunsweig, W., & Rinehart, N. (Eds.). (2002). Rockin' in Red Square: Critical approaches to study abroad in the age of cyberculture. Munster, Germany: LIT Verlag.
Hoff, J. G. (2008). Growth and transformation outcomes in international education. In Developing international competence and transformation (pp. 53-73). Sterling, VA, VA: Stylus.
Illich, I. (1968). To hell with good intentions. In G. Albert (Ed.), Service learning reader: Reflections and perspectives on service (1994 ed.). Raleigh, NC: National Society for Experiential Education.
Isaacs, W. (1999). Dialogue and the art of thinking together. New York, NY: Currency.
Janes, D. (2008). Beyond the tourist gaze? Cultural learning on an American 'semester abroad' programme in London. Journal of Research on International Education , 7 (1), 21-35.
King, M. L. (2004). Letter from Birmingham Jail. In D. Howard-Pitney, Martin Lutehr King Jr., Malcolm X, and the Civil Rights struggle of the 1950s and 1960s: A brief history with documents (pp. 74-90). Boston, MA: Bedford/St.Martin's.
Kinginger, C. (2009). American students abroad: Negotiation of difference? Language Teaching , 43 (2), 216-227.
Kumar, S. (2010). You are therefore I am: A declaration of interdependence. Devon, UK: Green Books.
MacCannell, D. (1999). The tourist: a new theory of the leisure class. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Masgoret, A.-M., & Ward, C. (2008). Culture learning approach to acculturation. In D. Sam, & J. Berry, Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (pp. 58-77). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Mathers, K. (2012). Mr. Kristof, I Presume? Saving Africa in the foodsteps of Nicholas Kristof. Transition , 15-31.
Mathers, K. (2010). Travel, humanitarianism and becoming American in Africa. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nilsson, W. (2004). Organization unbound: The spiritual architecture of organizations [Working paper].
Ogden, A. (2007). The view from the veranda: Understanding today's colonial student. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad , 35-56.
Patel, R. (2009). The value of nothing. London, UK: Portobello.
Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology , 49, 65-85.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 90, 751-783.
Pettigrew, T., & Tropp, L. (2011). When groups meet: The dynamics of intergroup contact. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Foreward. In D. Sam, & J. Berry, The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (pp. xx-xi). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
(2004). Positionality. In Sage dictionary of cultural studies. London, UK: Credo Reference.
Pratt, M. L. (1991). Arts of the contact zone. Profession , 33-40.
Prime, R. (2002). Vedic ecology: Practical wisdom for surviving the 21st century. San Francisco, CA: Mandala Publishing.
Prins, E., & Webster, N. (2010). Student identities and the tourist gaze in international service-learning: A university project in Belize. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement , 14 (1), 5-32.
Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, UK, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Reilly, D., & Senders, S. (2009). Becoming the change we want to see: Critical study abroad for a tumultous world. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad , XVIII, 241-267.
Rojeck, C., & Urry, J. (Eds.). (1997). Touring cultures: Transformations of travel and theory. New York, NY: Routledge.
Roy, A. (2004). Peace is war. In An ordinary person's guide to empire (pp. 1-22). London, UK: Flamingo.
Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (Eds.). (2006). Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sandal, M. J. (2009). Justice: What's the right thing to do? New York, NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
Savicki, V. (In press). An analysis of the contact types of study abroad students: The peer cohort, the host culture and the electronic presence of the home culture in relation to readiness and outcomes. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad .
Savicki, V. (2008). Developing intercultural competence and transformation: Theory, research and application in international education. Sterling, VA, VA: Stylus Publishing.
Savicki, V., & Cooley, E. (2011). American identity in study abroad students: Contrasts, changes, correlates. Journal of College Student Development , 52 (3), 339-349.
Savicki, V., Binder, F., & Heller, L. (2008). Contrasts and changes in potential and actual psychological intercultural adjustment. In V. Savicki (Ed.), Developing intercultural competence and transformation (pp. 111-127). Sterling, VA: Stylus.
Schumacher, E. F. (1973). Small is beautiful (1989 ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers.
Selby, R. (2008). Designing transformation in international education. In V. Savicki (Ed.), Developing intercultural competence and transformation (pp. 1-12). Sterling, VA: Stylus.
Smith, L. T. (1999). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and indigenous peoples. Dunedin, New Zealand: Unversity of Otago Press.
Smith, M. (2003). Introduction to informal education. Retrieved December 2011, from the encyclopedia of informal education: http://www.infed.org/i-intro.htm
Stroud, A. (2010). Who plans (not) to study abroad? An examination of US student intent. Journal of Studies in International Education , 14 (5), 491-507.
University of Minnesota Studies in International Development. (2005). Transforming values, minds, and society: MSID's educational philosophy.
Urry, J. (1992). The tourist gaze "revisited". American Behavioral Scientist , 172-186.
Urry, J. (1990). The tourist gaze. London: Sage.
Urry, J. (2002). The Tourist Gaze: Lesiure and Travel in Contemporary Societies (2nd Edition ed.). London: SAGE.
Valencia, L. (2011). Foreign students and NGO volunteers in Rajasthan: Friendship patterns and cultural preferences for companionship. Directed Thesis, University of Minnesota Studies in International Development, Jaipur, Rajasthan (India).
Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). The pscyhology of culture shock. London, UK: Routledge.
Ward, C., Leong, C.-H., & Low, M. (2004). Personality and sojourner adjustment: An exploration of the Big Five and the cultural fit proposition. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 35, 135-151.
Ward, J. W., & Ward, C. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfuly in two cultures. Intercultural Relations (29), 697-712.
Wilkes, C. D. (2008). The student gaze. Retrieved from All CAS Faculty Scholarship: http://commons.pacific.edu/casfac/10
Anonymous. (2011, 06 17). Confronting the demons of ethnocentrism. Retrieved March 1, 2012, from Tales from the Hood: http://talesfromethehood.com/2011/06/17/confronting-the-demons-of-ethnocentrism/
Bennett, J. (2008). On becoming a global soul: A path to engagement during study abroad. In V. Savicki (Ed.), Developing intercultural competence and transformation (pp. 13-31). Sterling, VA, VA: Stylus.
Berry, J. W. (Ed.). (1997). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Bochner, S. (2006). Sojourners. In D. Sam, & J. Berry (Eds.), The cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (pp. 181-197). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Bochner, S., McLeod, B., & Lin, A. (1977). Friendship patterns of overseas students: A functional model. International Journal of Psychology (12), 277-294.
Bocock, R. (1993). Consumption. New York, NY: Routledge.
Bolen, M. C. (2001). Consumerism and US study abroad. Journal of Studies in International Education , 3 (3), 182-200.
Buber, M. (1954). I and Thou (1970 ed.). (W. Kaufmann, Trans.) New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Campbell, C. (1987). The romantic ethic and the spirit of modern consumerism. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Chang, H. (1999). Re-examining the rhetoric of the "cultural border". Retrieved December 2011, from Electronic Magazine of Multicultural Education: http://www.eastern.edu/publications/emme/1999winter/chang.html
Chow, P., & Bhandari, R. (2010). Open Doors 2010 report on international educational exchange. New York, NY: International Educational Exchange.
Chow, P., & Bhandari, R. (2011). Open Doors 2011 report on international educational exchange. New York, NY: Institute of International Education.
Christ, O., Pettigrew, T. F., Tropp, L., & Wagner, U. (2011). Recent advances in intergroup contact theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 35 (3), 271-280.
Citron, J. (2002). US students abroad: Host culture integration or third cultural formation. In W. Gruensweig, & N. Rinehart (Eds.), Rockin' in Red Square: Critical approaches to international education in the age of cyberculture (pp. 25-39). Munster, Germany: LIT Verlag.
Cone, J. (1969). Black theology and black power. New York, NY: Seabury Press.
Cortright, D. (2010). Gandhi and beyond: Nonviolence for a new political age. Boulder, CO, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
Deardorff, D. (2008). Intercultural competence: A definition, model, and implications for education abroad. In V. Savicki (Ed.), Developing intercultural competence and transformation (pp. 32-52). Sterling, VA: Stylus.
Dolby, N. (2004). Encountering an american self: Study abroad and national identity. Comparative Education Review , 48 (2), 150-173.
Engle, J., & Engle, L. (2002). Neither international nor educative: Study abroad in the time of globalization. In W. Grunsweig, & N. Rinehart (Eds.), Rockin' in Red Squre: Critical approaches to international education in the age of cyberculture (pp. 25-39). Munster, Germany: LIT Verlag.
Fischer, L. (1962). Life of Gandhi. In L. Fisher (Ed.), The essential Gandhi (pp. 133-137). New York, NY: Vintage Books.
Foley, D. (1995). The Heartland chronicles. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania.
Frank, T. (1997). The conquest of cool. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Furnham, A., & Alibhai, N. (1985). The friendship networks of foreign students: A replication and extension of the functional model. International Journal of Psychology , 20 (6), 709-723.
Galeano, E. (1989). The book of embraces. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company.
Gandhi, M. (1938). Hind swaraj or Indian home rule (2008 ed.). Ahmedabad, India, Gujurat, India: Navajivan Publishing House.
Gandhi, M. (1962). The story of my experiments with truth. In L. Fischer (Ed.), The essential Gandhi. New York, NY: Random House.
Grunsweig, W., & Rinehart, N. (Eds.). (2002). Rockin' in Red Square: Critical approaches to study abroad in the age of cyberculture. Munster, Germany: LIT Verlag.
Hoff, J. G. (2008). Growth and transformation outcomes in international education. In Developing international competence and transformation (pp. 53-73). Sterling, VA, VA: Stylus.
Illich, I. (1968). To hell with good intentions. In G. Albert (Ed.), Service learning reader: Reflections and perspectives on service (1994 ed.). Raleigh, NC: National Society for Experiential Education.
Isaacs, W. (1999). Dialogue and the art of thinking together. New York, NY: Currency.
Janes, D. (2008). Beyond the tourist gaze? Cultural learning on an American 'semester abroad' programme in London. Journal of Research on International Education , 7 (1), 21-35.
King, M. L. (2004). Letter from Birmingham Jail. In D. Howard-Pitney, Martin Lutehr King Jr., Malcolm X, and the Civil Rights struggle of the 1950s and 1960s: A brief history with documents (pp. 74-90). Boston, MA: Bedford/St.Martin's.
Kinginger, C. (2009). American students abroad: Negotiation of difference? Language Teaching , 43 (2), 216-227.
Kumar, S. (2010). You are therefore I am: A declaration of interdependence. Devon, UK: Green Books.
MacCannell, D. (1999). The tourist: a new theory of the leisure class. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Masgoret, A.-M., & Ward, C. (2008). Culture learning approach to acculturation. In D. Sam, & J. Berry, Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (pp. 58-77). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Mathers, K. (2012). Mr. Kristof, I Presume? Saving Africa in the foodsteps of Nicholas Kristof. Transition , 15-31.
Mathers, K. (2010). Travel, humanitarianism and becoming American in Africa. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nilsson, W. (2004). Organization unbound: The spiritual architecture of organizations [Working paper].
Ogden, A. (2007). The view from the veranda: Understanding today's colonial student. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad , 35-56.
Patel, R. (2009). The value of nothing. London, UK: Portobello.
Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology , 49, 65-85.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 90, 751-783.
Pettigrew, T., & Tropp, L. (2011). When groups meet: The dynamics of intergroup contact. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Foreward. In D. Sam, & J. Berry, The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (pp. xx-xi). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
(2004). Positionality. In Sage dictionary of cultural studies. London, UK: Credo Reference.
Pratt, M. L. (1991). Arts of the contact zone. Profession , 33-40.
Prime, R. (2002). Vedic ecology: Practical wisdom for surviving the 21st century. San Francisco, CA: Mandala Publishing.
Prins, E., & Webster, N. (2010). Student identities and the tourist gaze in international service-learning: A university project in Belize. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement , 14 (1), 5-32.
Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, UK, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Reilly, D., & Senders, S. (2009). Becoming the change we want to see: Critical study abroad for a tumultous world. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad , XVIII, 241-267.
Rojeck, C., & Urry, J. (Eds.). (1997). Touring cultures: Transformations of travel and theory. New York, NY: Routledge.
Roy, A. (2004). Peace is war. In An ordinary person's guide to empire (pp. 1-22). London, UK: Flamingo.
Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (Eds.). (2006). Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sandal, M. J. (2009). Justice: What's the right thing to do? New York, NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
Savicki, V. (In press). An analysis of the contact types of study abroad students: The peer cohort, the host culture and the electronic presence of the home culture in relation to readiness and outcomes. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad .
Savicki, V. (2008). Developing intercultural competence and transformation: Theory, research and application in international education. Sterling, VA, VA: Stylus Publishing.
Savicki, V., & Cooley, E. (2011). American identity in study abroad students: Contrasts, changes, correlates. Journal of College Student Development , 52 (3), 339-349.
Savicki, V., Binder, F., & Heller, L. (2008). Contrasts and changes in potential and actual psychological intercultural adjustment. In V. Savicki (Ed.), Developing intercultural competence and transformation (pp. 111-127). Sterling, VA: Stylus.
Schumacher, E. F. (1973). Small is beautiful (1989 ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers.
Selby, R. (2008). Designing transformation in international education. In V. Savicki (Ed.), Developing intercultural competence and transformation (pp. 1-12). Sterling, VA: Stylus.
Smith, L. T. (1999). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and indigenous peoples. Dunedin, New Zealand: Unversity of Otago Press.
Smith, M. (2003). Introduction to informal education. Retrieved December 2011, from the encyclopedia of informal education: http://www.infed.org/i-intro.htm
Stroud, A. (2010). Who plans (not) to study abroad? An examination of US student intent. Journal of Studies in International Education , 14 (5), 491-507.
University of Minnesota Studies in International Development. (2005). Transforming values, minds, and society: MSID's educational philosophy.
Urry, J. (1992). The tourist gaze "revisited". American Behavioral Scientist , 172-186.
Urry, J. (1990). The tourist gaze. London: Sage.
Urry, J. (2002). The Tourist Gaze: Lesiure and Travel in Contemporary Societies (2nd Edition ed.). London: SAGE.
Valencia, L. (2011). Foreign students and NGO volunteers in Rajasthan: Friendship patterns and cultural preferences for companionship. Directed Thesis, University of Minnesota Studies in International Development, Jaipur, Rajasthan (India).
Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). The pscyhology of culture shock. London, UK: Routledge.
Ward, C., Leong, C.-H., & Low, M. (2004). Personality and sojourner adjustment: An exploration of the Big Five and the cultural fit proposition. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 35, 135-151.
Ward, J. W., & Ward, C. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfuly in two cultures. Intercultural Relations (29), 697-712.
Wilkes, C. D. (2008). The student gaze. Retrieved from All CAS Faculty Scholarship: http://commons.pacific.edu/casfac/10